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Robert Service (historian)
Robert John Service (born 29 October 1947) is a British historian, academic, and author who has written extensively on the history of the Soviet Union, particularly the era from the October Revolution to Stalin's death. He was until 2013 a professor of Russian history at the University of Oxford, a Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, and a senior Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution.
Service is best known for his 2000, 2004, and 2009 biographies of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky, respectively.
==Career==
Service spent his undergraduate years at King's College, Cambridge, where he studied Russian and classical Greek. He went to Essex and Leningrad universities for his postgraduate work, and taught at Keele and the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, before joining Oxford University in 1998, where he currently teaches.
Between 1986 and 1995, Service published a three-volume biography of Vladimir Lenin. He wrote several works of general history on 20th-century Russia, including ''A History of Twentieth-Century Russia''. His trilogy of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks leaders biographies include ''Lenin'' (2000), ''Stalin'' (2004) and ''Trotsky'' (2009). His biography of Trotsky was strongly criticised by Service's Hoover Institution colleague Bertrand Patenaude in a review for the ''American Historical Review''.〔McLemee, Scott. ("The Re-Assassination of Leon Trotsky" ). ''Inside Higher Ed''. 8 July 2011〕 Patenaude, reviewing Service's book alongside a rebuttal by the Trotskyist David North (''In Defence of Leon Trotsky''), charged Service with making dozens of factual errors, misrepresenting evidence, and "fail() to examine in a serious way Trotsky's political ideas".〔http://wsws.org/articles/2011/nov2011/intr-n23.shtml〕 Service responded that the book's factual errors were minor and that Patenaude's own book on Trotsky presented him as a "noble martyr". The book was criticised by the German historian of communism Hermann Weber, who led a campaign to prevent Suhrkamp_Verlag from publishing it in Germany. Fourteen historians and sociologists signed a letter to the publishing house. The letter cited 'a host of factual errors,' the 'repugnant connotations' of the passages in which Service deals with Trotsky's Jewish origins, and Service's recourse to 'formulas associated with Stalinist propaganda' for the purpose of discrediting Trotsky.〔(“Robert Service has written a diatribe, not a scientific polemic!” ) The World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 28 November 2011〕〔http://wsws.org/articles/2011/nov2011/intr-n23.shtml〕 Suhrkamp announced in February 2012 that it would publish a German translation of Robert Service's ''Trotsky'' in July 2012.〔
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